Hindu Cosmology

Synopsis of Hindu Cosmology

Learn more about Hindu cosmology, cyclic time, Yugas, Lokas, Pralaya, Brahmanda, Trimurti, Kalpa, ancient metaphysics, cosmic dissolution, Vedic astronomy, Indian philosophy, Samsara, Srishti, Maya, Rigveda, Mount Meru, Satya Yuga, Kali Yuga, Mahayuga, Sanatana Dharma, Cosmic consciousness

Hindu cosmology is an ancient, intricate metaphysical framework detailing the origin, structure, evolution, and eventual dissolution of the cosmos.

Unlike linear models of time, Hindu cosmology presents the universe as eternal, self-perpetuating, and strictly cyclical, operating under cosmic laws (Rta and Dharma).

• Cyclical Time (Kala): Time flows through recurring cosmic cycles without a singular beginning or absolute end. A single cosmic cycle, or Kalpa (a day of Brahma, lasting 4.32 billion human years), is divided into 14 Manvantaras or 1,000 Mahayugas. Each Mahayuga consists of four distinct ages (Yugas) that reflect a progressive decline in moral and spiritual integrity: Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga.
• Creation, Preservation, and Dissolution: The universe undergoes three continuous states overseen by the divine trinity (Trimurti): creation (Srishti) by Brahma, preservation (Sthiti) by Vishnu, and periodic dissolution (Pralaya) by Shiva. Dissolution clears the manifest reality, returning all cosmic energy to an unmanifest state before creation begins anew.
• Structure of the Universe (Brahmanda): The cosmos, often depicted as a spherical egg (Brahmanda), comprises fourteen realms (Lokas). These consist of seven upper realms (Urdhva Lokas), including Bhur (Earth), Bhuvar, and Svar, representing higher states of consciousness and existence; and seven lower subterranean realms (Adho Lokas or Patala). Mount Meru serves as the central metaphysical axis (Axis Mundi) of the physical and subtle universes.
• Philosophical Principles: The material universe is understood as Maya (divine illusion) and Lila (cosmic play). All physical forms originate from, are sustained by, and ultimately merge back into Brahman—the ultimate, formless, and unchangeable supreme consciousness.